21:31:00
The
Indus Basin
In terms of water usage in Pakistan,
domestic use account for around two per cent of total water usage, industrial
about the same and agriculture for close to 97 per cent, a staggering figure
that is well above the global average of about 70 per cent.
The Indus Basin is a very developed
watershed in that it has a lot of storage and management infrastructure. The
schematic diagram below shows the major rivers, canals, dams and other works of
the Indus Basin irrigation system. Tarbela, Mangla and Chashma are the three
primary reservoirs on this system. Tarbela is the first regulation device on
the Indus and Pakistan’s largest storage device with 10.93 billion cubic meters
of storage capacity.
Water from the Indus empties onto
the plains through regulatory structures known as rim stations. About 173
billion cubic metres pass through the rim stations, about 128 billion cubic
metres of which is diverted for irrigation. But this figure is still insufficient
to meet agricultural irrigation requirements, and the shortfall of about 40 per
cent is made up from groundwater pumping. The associated canal network is
massive, with 43,561 kilometres of canals, 18,884 kilometres of seepage/storm
water drains and 12,612 kilometres of tile drains, mostly in the Indus Plain
provinces of Punjab and Sindh. This system of reservoirs and canals forms the
basis of the Indus Basin irrigation system and is thus absolutely essential to
agriculture.
History
The first canals were constructed some five or six centuries ago and
extended under the Mughal Emperors. The early canals were inundation channels
and delivered water to the fields when rivers were in high flow during the summer.
They tended to be unpredictable in operation and subjected both to frequent
breaches and serious siltation problems. The next stage in the evaluation of the Irrigation System was construction of perennial canals having permanent headworks. These headworks either did not extend across the entire stream or allowed the floods to pass over their crests. The first evidence of perennial irrigation on any of the Indus rivers dates back to early seventeenth century when a 80 Km long canal was constructed by the Mughal Emperor Jahangir (reigned 1605-27) to bring water from the right bank of the Ravi to the pleasure gardens of Sheikhupura near Lahore.
The irrigation system which exists today was stated in the nineteenth century under the British administration. In the early 19th century, there were numerous inundation canals leading from the Indus River and its tributaries.
The more important of these were the Upper and Lower Sutlej canals, the Shahpur canals, the Chenab canals and the Indus canals in Punjab and Bahawalpur. In the Sindh, where the Indus River flows more or less on a ridge, conditions were particularly favorable for inundation canals. Among Sindh’s 19th century canals were the Desert, the Begari, the Sukkur, the Fuleli, the Pinyari and the Kalri canals.
From the middle of the 19th century onwards, a large number of inundation canals were remodelled and fitted with permanent headworks and new canals with weir controlled supply were constructed for the Sindh, Punjab and NWFP areas.
The first permanent headworks constructed in 1887 was the Marala Barrage, which started supplying water to the Upper Chenab Canal in 1915. In 1889, a project was prepared for the irrigation of part of the Rechna Doab. The project envisaged the diversion of the Chenab waters by means of a weir at Khanki. The project was sanctioned in 1890 and the Chenab Canal, now called the Lower Chenab Canal, was opened in 1892.
A similar scheme was sanctioned for the irrigation of the area between the Chenab and the Jhelum (Chaj Doab) from a weir at Rasul on the Jhelum River. Construction was started in 1897 and the Jhelum Canal, now called the Lower Jhelum Canal was opened in 1901.
After World War-I, the Sukkur Barrage Project, the first barrage constructed on the Indus River was started in 1923 and was commissioned to irrigation in 1932. During 1921 the Sutlej Valley Project was sanctioned for the development of the Punjab, Bikaner (now in India) and Bahawalpur states areas. The Project consisting of four (4) weirs on the Sutlej River at Ferozepur, Sulemanki, Islam and Panjnad and 11 canals were completed by 1933.
The Trimmu Barrage, located below the junction of the Jhelum and the Chenab Rivers was started in 1837 and completed in 1939, was the last barrage completed prior to World War II. At the time of independence the Kalabagh Barrage (Jinnah), Kotri Barrage on the Indus River and the Bhakra Dam in India on the Sutlej River were under construction.
The Triple Canal Project
The Triple Canal Project was sanctioned in 1905 and became the first project to transfer water from one river to another. The Triple Canal Project involved the diversion of the available waters in the Jhelum River across the Chaj and Rechna Doabs. The project consisted of a feeder canal from the Jhelum River at Mangla to the Chenab River above Khanki (Upper Jhelum Canal), a feeder canal from Marala on the Chenab River to the Ravi River above Balloki (Upper Chenab Canal) and construction of a barrage (level crossing) on the Ravi River at Balloki to divert the transferred water into the new Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC). The Triple Canal Project Chenab
Canals are primarily feeder or link canals but they also provide considerable irrigation enroute in the Upper parts of the Chaj and Rechna Doab.
Post Independence – Pre – Water Treaty (1947-60)
Partition of the Punjab Province left the Bhakra Dam, the headworks of the old Upper Bari Doab Canal at Madhopur and those at Ferozepur on the Sutlej in India. Pending final settlement of the Indus Water Dispute, it became urgent for Pakistan to secure a supply of water for the Upper bari Doab and the Sutlej Valley. Thus the 164 Km Bombanwala-Ravi-Bedian Dipalpur Link and Balloki-Suleimanki Link I were constructed between 1951 and 1954 and the 101 Km Marala-Ravi Link was built between 1954 and 1965, all to bring additional water from the Chenab River to the east.
The Pakistan Government continued the work which had been planned by the British Administration and completed the kalabagh Barrage in 1947, the Kotri Barrage in 1955 and the Guddu barrage in 1963.
After independence, the Lower Sindh Inundation Canals were converted into weir-controlled canals to command culturable area of 809,400 ha (2 million acres) and to serve a local culturable commanded area of 1.13 million ha (2.8 million acres) of land, with the construction of the Kotri Barrage at Kotri (1947-1955).
Similarly, the Guddu Barrage built (1953-1962) at the head of Upper Sindh Inundation Canals system, converted the Upper Sindh Inundation Canals into a controlled perennial canals system for the irrigation of 1.13 million ha of land.
The Taunsa Barrage built (1953-1958) on the Indus provided weir-controlled irrigation supplies to culturable commanded area of 687,970 ha. This barrage is multipurpose and also provides bridges for road and railway and head regulator for the Taunsa-Panjnad Link-Canals.
In 1954, the World Bank put forward a proposal for the equitable distribution of the water resources available to India and Pakistan.
Indus Water Treaty (1960)
The proposal has three essential features:
i. The waters of the three western rivers – the Indus, the Jhelum and the Chenab – were to be allocated to Pakistan, and the waters of the three eastern rivers, the Ravi, the Beas and the Sutlej to India.
Requirements of the areas within Pakistan, hitherto fed by the eastern rivers, would in future be met by waters to be transferred from the western rivers by means of a system of replacement works. It was estimated that some 17,300 million m3 (14 million acre feet) would be required, ultimately, to replace the water designated for use in India.
ii. India would make a contribution to the cost of the replacement works.
iii. During the construction phase, India would limit her withdrawals from the eastern rivers in proportions to match Pakistan’s capacity to replace.
It took eight years of negotiations before an agreement was reached and a Treaty signed on 19 September 1960.
To compensate Pakistan for the loss of the water of the eastern rivers, six friendly countries and the World Bank together with Pakistan and India agreed to provide funds to enable a system of replacement works to be constructed which would transfer water from the western rivers to the areas that were dependent on supplies from the eastern rivers.
PHYSICAL SYSTEM
Pakistan has a unique irrigation
system which comprises of five main rivers, i.e. the Indus, the Jhelum, the
Chenab, the Ravi and the Sutlej River. The network of Indus basin Irrigation
System consists of the Dams, Barrages, Headworks, Canals and Interlinks. This
system includes Link Canals that were built with a concept to transfer water
from the Western Rivers i.e. Indus, Jhelum and Chenab to the Eastern Rivers,
i.e. Ravi and Sutlej after the Indus water treaty of 1960. Whereas, the feeder
canals taken out from different head works are meant mainly to irrigate the
agricultural lands throughout. The waters of the Indus Basin Rivers are
diverted through reservoirs/barrages into canals, classified as the Main
Canals. These main canals then distribute the irrigation water into their
command areas through a network of branch canals.
FACTS AND FIGURES:
We have entered into 21st century with world's
largest and unified irrigation system that consists of three major reservoirs
(Chashma, Mangla, and Tarbela); 18 barrages (Ferozepur, Sulemanki, Islam,
Balloki, Marala, Trimmu, Panjnad, Kalabagh, Sukkur, Kotri, Taunsa, Guddu,
Chashma, Mailsi, Sidhnai, Rasul, Qadirabad, and Marala); 12 link canals; 45
irrigation canals; and over 107,000 water courses and millions of farm channels
& field ditches. The total length of main canal system is estimated about
585000 Kilometer (36932 miles) and that of watercourses & field channels
exceeds 1.62 million Kilometers (over 1.02 million miles).
Barrages Over Indus River
Tounsa Barrage
Year Of
Completion : The Taunsa Barrage was completed in
1958
Location : Taunsa
Barrage is located 20 km southeast of Taunsa Sharif city on the Indus river in
the Punjab province of Pakistan
Design
Discharge : 750000 cusecs
Length : 4346
feet
No. Of
Bays : 53
No. Of
Under sluices : 12
Crest
Level : 6
Off Taking
Canals : 4
Tarbela Dam
Year Of
Completion : 1976
Location :
Located about 50km North West of Islamabad
at tarbela in Swabi, shortly located at the point from where the
District Haripur, in hazara division starts.
Design
Discharge : The main spillway has a discharge capacity of 18,406 cubic metres
per second (650,000 cu ft/s) and the auxiliary spillway, 24,070 cubic metres
per second (850,000 cu ft/s).
Length :
2,743.2 metres (9,000 ft)
No. Of Bays
:
No. Of
Under sluices :
Crest
Level :
Off Taking
Canals:
Ghazi Barotha Barrage
Year Of
Completion : 2004
Location :
Indus river
Design
Discharge : 500000 cusecs
Length : 170560
feet
No. Of
Bays :
No. Of
Under sluices :
Crest
Level :
Off Taking
Canals : 1
Jinnah Barrage
Year Of
Completion : 1946
Location :
Situated at Kalabagh in Mianwali District of the north-west
Punjab province, bordering the Province On the Indus
River.
Design Discharge
: 950000 cusecs
Length : 3360
feet
No. Of
Bays : 42
No. Of
Under sluices :
Crest
Level :
Off Taking
Canals : 1
Chashma Barrage
Year Of
Completion : The project was built between 1967 and 1971.
Location :
Chashma Barrage wetland site is located Indus Monsoon Forest, some 25 km
southwest of Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan.
Design
Discharge : 1176000 cusecs
Length : 3556
feet
No. Of
Bays : 52
No. Of
Under sluices : 11
Crest
Level :
Off Taking
Canals : 2
Guddu Barrage
Year Of
Completion : The
barrage was completed in 1962.
Location :
Guddu Barrage is a barrage across river Indus, near Kashmore in Pakistan.
Design
Discharge : 1.2 million cubic feet per second (34,000 m³/s) / 1200000cusecs
Length : 3840
feet
No. Of
Bays : 64 bays
No. Of
Under sluices :
Crest
Level :
Off Taking
Canals : 5
Sukkur Barrage
Year Of
Completion : 1932
Location :
barrage across the Indus river near the city of Sukkur, Pakistan.
Design
Discharge : 1500000 cusecs
Length : 4490
feet
No. Of
Bays : 54
No. Of
Under sluices : 12
Crest
Level : 177 S.P.D
Off Taking
Canals : 7
Kotri Barrage
Year Of
Completion : 1955
Location :
Located southeast of Karachi near Hyderabad
Design
Discharge : 750000 cusecs
Length :
915 metres (3,000 ft) long
No. Of
Bays : 44
No. Of
Under sluices :
Crest
Level : 48 S.P.D
Off Taking
Canals : 4
Barrages Over Jhelum River
Mangla Dam
Year Of
Completion : It was
constructed in 1967
Location :
Located at the Jhelum River, about 67 miles (100 km) south-east of the
Pakistani capital, Islamabad in[[dadyal Mirpur]] district of Azad Kashmir,
Pakistan.
Design
Discharge : 1.01 million cusecs
Length : 10,300
feet
No. Of
Bays :
No. Of
Under sluices :
Crest
Level :
Off Taking
Canals : 1
Rasool Barrage
Year Of
Completion : It was
constructed in 1968
Location :
is located on the Jehlum
River, 4 km
downstream of the Rasul Weir and 72 km from the Mangla Dam.
Design
Discharge : 24070 cubic meter per second/876000 cusecs
Length : 3,209
feet
No. Of
Bays : 42
No. Of
Under sluices : 6
Crest
Level : 703 S.P.D
Off Taking
Canals : 2
Barrages Over Sutlej River
Sulemanki Barrage
Year Of
Completion : 1927
Location :
Sutlej river
Design
Discharge : 309000 cusecs
Length : 2220
feet
No. Of Bays
: 24
No. Of
Under sluices : 16
Crest
Level : 560 S.P.D
Off Taking
Canals : 3
Islam Barrage
Year Of
Completion : 1927
Location :
Sutlej river
Design
Discharge : 300000 cusecs
Length : 1650
feet
No. Of
Bays : 29
No. Of
Under sluices : 4
Crest
Level : 435.5 S.P.D
Off Taking
Canals : 2
Mailsi Siphon
Year Of
Completion : 1965
Location :
This siphon is located on Sutlej river near Mailsi
Design
Discharge : 286 cumecs/429000 cusecs
Length : 1,601
feet
No. Of
Bays : 24
No. Of
Under sluices :
Crest
Level : 415.5 S.P.D
Barrages Over Chenab River
Maralla Head Works
Year Of
Completion : Marala
Barrage was built across the river in 1968.
Location :
The Marala headworks is situated at the Chenab River near the city of Sialkot
Punjab.
Design
Discharge : 1.1 million ft³/s (31,000 m³/s)
Length : 4,472
feet
No. Of
Bays : 66
No. Of
Under sluices : 13
Crest
Level : 800 S.P.D
Off Taking
Canals : 2
Khanki Head Works
Year Of
Completion : It was
built in 1889
Location :
It is present at river Chenab in Gujrat District.
Design Discharge
: 750000 cusecs
Length : 4000
feet
No. Of
Bays : 48
No. Of
Under sluices : 6
Crest
Level : 726.5-727 S.P.D
Off Taking
Canals : 1
Qadirabad Barrage
Year Of
Completion : 1967
Location :
Located on the river Chenab in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is lies in Phalia
tehsil of Mandi
Bahauddin District.
Design
Discharge : 900000 cusecs
Length : 3,373
feet
No. Of
Bays : 50
No. Of
Under sluices : 5
Crest
Level : 684.5 S.P.D
Off Taking
Canals : 1
Trimmu Barrage
Year Of
Completion : 1939
Location :
It is situated some 25 km away from the city of Jhang westwars, at the
famous town of Atharan
Hazari where there
is the confluence of rivers Chenab and Jhelum.
Design
Discharge : 645000 cusecs
Length :
3025 feet
No. Of
Bays : 37
No. Of
Under sluices : No of Left Under
Sluice Portion 5, No of Right Under Sluice Portion 6
Crest
Level : Crest Level of Main Weir
477.50, Crest Level of Under Sluice 472.00
Off Taking
Canals : 3
Punjnad Barrage
Year Of
Completion : 1929
Location :
Chenab river
Design
Discharge : 700000 cusecs
Length : 2856
feet
No. Of
Bays : 47
No. Of
Under sluices :
Crest
Level : 325 S.P.D
Off Taking
Canals : 2
Barrages Over River Ravi
Balloki Barrage
Year Of
Completion : 1914
Location :
River ravi
Design
Discharge : 140000 cusecs
Length : 1644
feet
No. Of
Bays : 35
No. Of
Under sluices :
Crest
Level : 625.5 S.P.D
Off Taking
Canals : 2
Sidhnai Barrage
Year Of
Completion : 1965
Location :
Located on Ravi river
Design
Discharge : 167000 cusecs
Length : 712
feet
No. Of
Bays : 15
No. Of
Under sluices : 4
Crest
Level : 454 S.P.D
Off Taking
Canals : 2
CANALS
River Ravi
Balloki Barrage
Balloki-Sulemanki
Link Canal
Design
Discharge: 6,500 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 39 miles
Lower
Bari Duab Canal
Location:
Multan
Design
Discharge: Head discharge is 9292 cusecs and tail discharge is 1000 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 132.14 miles
Area to Be
Irrigated: Gross area is 2130937 and culturable area is 1845974
Sidhnai Barrage
Sidhnai-Mailsi
Bahawal Link Canal
Location: Multan
Design
Discharge: 10,100 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 4.132 miles
Area to Be
Irrigated: Gross area is 4071 and culturable area is 3724
Sidhnai
Canal
RIVER CHENAB
Maralla Barrage
Upper
Chenab Canal
Location:
Lahore Zone
Design
Discharge: Head discharge is 16850 cusecs and tail discharge is 11373 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 26.659 miles
Area to Be
Irrigated: Gross area is 19600 and culturable area is 12449
Maralla
Ravi Link Canal
Location:
Lahore Zone
Design
Discharge: Head discharge is 22000 cusecs and tail discharge is 20000 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 63.463 miles
Area to Be
Irrigated: Gross area is 165598 and culturable area is 154987
BRBD
Link Canal (Bambawala-Ravi-Bedian-Dipalpur
Canal)
Location:
Lahore Zone
Design
Discharge: Head discharge is 7260 cusecs and tail discharge is 2380 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 107.40 miles
Khanki Headworks
Lower
Chenab Canal (LCC)
Location:
Faisalabad Zone
Design
Discharge: Head discharge is 8143 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 40.058 miles
Area to Be
Irrigated: Gross area is 3700000 and culturable area is 3400000
Qadirabad Barrage
Qadirabad-Balloki
Link Canal
Location:
Hafizabad Zone
Design
Discharge: 18,600 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 79.483 miles
Trimmu Barrage
Rangpur
Canal
Trimmu-Sidhnai
Link Canal
Location:
(Sidhnai) Multan
Design
Discharge: Head discharge is 12500cusecs and tail discharge is 10000 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 44 miles
Haveli
Canal
Punjnad Barrage
Punjnad
Canal
Location:
Bahawalpur
Design
Discharge: Head
discharge is 10484 cusecs and tail discharge is 4274 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 38 miles
Area to Be
Irrigated: Gross area is 1293941 and culturable area is 1186537
Abbasia
Canal
Location:
Bahawalpur
Design
Discharge: Head discharge is 1394 cusecs and tail discharge is 587 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 44.915 miles
Area to Be
Irrigated: Gross area is 117663 and culturable area is 111333
RIVER SUTLEJ
Sulemanki Barrage
Pakpatan
Canal
Location:
Multan
Design
Discharge: Head discharge is 5508 cusecs and tail discharge is 24 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 113.47 miles
Area to Be
Irrigated: Gross area is 1046326 and culturable area is 961158
Eastern
Sadqiya Canal
Location: Multan
Design
Discharge: Head discharge is 6820 cusecs and tail discharge is 5106 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 49 miles
Area to Be
Irrigated: Gross area is 616035 and culturable area is 547472
Fordwah
Canal
Location :
Multan
Design
Discharge: Head discharge is 3447 cusecs and tail discharge is 2993 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 8.97 miles
Area to Be
Irrigated: Gross area is 465024 and culturable area is 430112
Islam Barrage
Qasim
Canal
Location:
Multan
Design
Discharge: Head discharge is 483.00 cusecs and tail discharge is 61 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 7.43 miles
Area to Be
Irrigated: Gross area is 55804 and culturable area is 52797
Bahawal
Canal
Location:
Multan
Design
Discharge: Head
discharge is 500 cusecs and tail discharge is 386 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 2.40 miles
Area to Be
Irrigated: Gross area is 57469and culturable area is 52023
Mailsi Siphon
Sidhnai-Mailsi
Bahawal Link Canal
Location:
(Baghdad) Bahawalpur
Design
Discharge: Head discharge is 5338 cusecs and tail discharge is 5123 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 30.40 miles
Area to Be
Irrigated: Gross area is 1229174 and culturable area is 1048805
RIVER JHELUM
Mangla Dam
Upper
Jhelum Canal
Year of
Completion:1915
Length of
Canal: 730.8 miles
Rasool Barrage
Rasool
Qadirabad Link Canal
Location: It
is a main canal located in Rasul Division.
Design
Discharge: 19,000 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 30 miles
Lower
Jhelum Canal
Year of
Completion:1901
Location:
It is a main canal located in Rasul Division.
Design
Discharge: Its authorized head discharge is 5500.00.Its authorized tail discharge
is 3705.00
Length of
Canal: 39.366 miles
Area
to Be Irrigated: Gross command area is 1728349.00.Its Culturable command area
is 1485776.00.
INDUS RIVER
Tarbela Dam
Ghazi Barrage
Ghazi
Barotha Power Channel
Jinnah Barrage
Thal Canal
The amount of water
that it carries is 2.534 MAF. It is divided into 2 different divisions.
Thal canal main
line lower
Year of
Completion: 1947
Location:
It is a main canal located in bhakkar.
Design
Discharge: 4100
Length of
Canal: 100.50 miles
Gross
Area: 3534
Culturable
Command Area : 2966
Thal canal main
line upper
Year of
Completion: 1947
Location:
It is a main canal located in kalabagh. It is categorized in the zone of
sarghodha.
Design
Discharge: 9000
Length of
Canal: 100.50 miles
Gross
Area: 2460861
Culturable
Command Area : 2115931
Chashma Barrage
Chashma
Right Bank Canal (CRBC)
Design
Discharge: 2500 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 71 miles
Area to Be
Irrigated: 261,000 acres
Chashma
Jhelum Link Canal
Design
Discharge: 21,700 cusecs
Length of
Canal: 63 miles
Tonsa Barrage
Kachi
Canal (Under Construction)
LOCATION : Punjab:
Muzaffar Garh, D.G.Khan, Rajanpur Distts
Balochistan:
Dera Bugti, Naseerabad, Bolan, Jhal Magsi Districts
Length :
500 Km
(300 Km Lined in Punjab 200 Km Unlined in Balochistan)
Capacity : 6000 Cusecs
Distributaries
& Minors 2000 KM, 713000 Acres
Command
Area: PHASE-I: 102,000 CCA
PHASE-II: 267,000 CCA
PHASE-III:
344,000 CCA
Dera
Ghazi Khan Canal (DGK Canal)
Location:
It is a main canal located in D.G Khan
Design
Discharge: Head discharge is 8900 and tail discharge is 5514
Length of
Canal: 69.046 miles
Area to Be
Irrigated: Gross area is 947874 and cultural command area is 901984
Taunsa
Punjnad Canal (TP Canal)
Location:
DG Khan (Lashari)
Design
Discharge: Head discharge 1200
Length of
Canal: 38.20 miles
Area to Be
Irrigated: Gross area is 2150000 and cultural command area is 2000000
Muzaffargarh
Link Canal
Location:
Muzaffargarh Zone
Design
Discharge: Head discharge is 8901 and tail discharge is 2776
Length of
Canal: 74.14 miles
Area to Be
Irrigated: Gross area is 906490 and cultural command area is 838380
Guddu Barrage
Pat Feeder
Desert
Feeder
Design
Discharge:419 cumecs
Area to Be
Irrigated: 185000 acres
Begari
Sindh Feeder
Design Discharge: 372 cumecs
Ghotki
Canal
Design
Discharge: 238 cumecs
Raine
Canal
Sukkhur Barrage
Nara Canal
Mirwah
Canal
Rohri
Canal
Abul Wah
Right side canals are
Dadu Canal
Rice Canal
Khirthar
Canal
Kotri Barrage
Kotri
Baghar Feeder
Design
Discharge: 255 cumecs
Phuleli
Design
Discharge: 391 cumecs
Pinjari
Design
Discharge: 408 cumecs
Akram
Wah
Design
Discharge: 116 cumecs
Thanks for sharing Information to us. If someone wants to know about,I think this is the right place for you!
ReplyDeleteIndus Design Works